In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance??of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally as a result of lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, utilized like a raw substance First melt (Czochralski method) [186]. Appropriately, determined by its output know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake a wide array of compositions Nb2O5?x. Hence,